slavery

Čơṅ Aṅ, Cambodia. Detail of door jamb inscription from the sanctuary entrance (après SEAclassics).

{S1}   siddhi svasti 8[5]4 śaka nu mān braḥ śāsana ḍhū[li] vraḥ
{S2}   pāda ḍhū[li]jeṅ vraḥkamrateṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva ta dhūli jeṅ braḥ
{S3}   kamrateṅ ’añ śrī prathibīṇdrabarmma pandval vraḥ śāsana
{S4}   ta mratāñ śrī nṛpeṇdravikramma kh[l]oñ glāṅ nā eka pi pre vraḥ
{S5}   kamrateṅ ’añ śrī tribhuvanaikanātha ’āy jeṅ o[ṅ]ta punya chloñ prāna
{S6}   saṃ gaṇa nu vraḥ kaṃmrateṅ ’añ śrī cāmpeśvara vvaṃ jā pi mān vakranu paṃ
{S7}   cāṃ vvaṃ jā pi mān vakra ṇu khloñ viṣaiyanu khloñ sru[k]ṇukhloñ bhū
{S8}   tāśa ṇutamrvac ’amṛtakadhana datta dau ta vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ śrīcampe
{S9}   śvara braḥ śāsana pre ka kalpanā śvetataṇdula ṣaḍkhārikā ○ ghṛta’ādhaka 8 ○ ja
{S10}   la śvetavastra yugala 2 go śata saṃ nu jvaṇ dik braḥ rājaśrīhemakamaṇdalu 1
{S11}   ṅan jyaṅ 1 neḥ syaṅ ta gi kalpanā dau ta vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ śrīcāmpeśvara
{S12}   sap chnāṃ ○ khñuṃ maṇ chloñ prāṇa o[y]ta vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ taviṣṇu to[y]rṇṇoc
{S13}   si ka[ṃ]pit tr[v]ac ○ si thleṃ cāṃ glāṅ ○ si siddhivara grāmapāla ○ sikaṃvrau pek thve sre ka[ṃ]luṅ
{S14}   [t]a vraḥ [○] si kañjos ○ si thgāp ○ si paṇdan ○ si kaṃpat ○ si kaṃpit○ si kaṃpit sot ○ si mṛta
{S15}   mahāṇasa ○ si kaṃvut mahāṇasa ○ si kaṃvis tiṅ ○ ’aṃraḥ si krau ○ sikaṃpas ○ tai bhāja ○ tai dha
{S16}   rmma ○ thve sre vnek dlāy ○ ’aṃraḥ si māṇudharmma ○ si paṇdas ○tai preta [○] tai maya ○ vnek dlāy ○ ’aṃraḥ
{S17}   si jaṅver ○ si kaṃvrāṃ ○ tai kaṇtrap ○ tai paṇlas ○ thve sre vnek dlāysot ○ ’aṃraḥ si thgot ○ si kan
{S18}   sip ○ tai vrata ○ tai kañen ○ thve sre varuy ○ ’aṃraḥ si kaṇsu ○ siratnadāsa ○ si thgāp ○ si caṇdrabhā ○ si chpo
{S19}   ṅ ○ si kaṇ’ā ○ ’ma laṃñañ ○ tai kaṇdrvaṅ ○ thve sre hauṅ ○ nu srethpoṅ tyak ○ ’aṃraḥ si vaṅā ○ si ’a
{S20}   mṛta [○] tai kaṇsruk ○ tai mālikā ○ tai sraṅe [○] thve sre vnek dlāy ○’a[ṃ]raḥsi caṃhek ○
{S21}   tai kaṃprvat ○ tai laṅgāy ○ thve sre jeṅ daṃnap ○ ’a[ṃ]raḥsi kaṇ’aṇ ○si sa’ap ○ tai pratika ○
{S22}   tai ’nāy ○ tai ka[ṃ]vrau ○ tai kaṃbhāt ○ thve sre pālayā ○ tai kanrat ○tai thleṃ ○ tai chke ○ thve saṃṅvey ○ ta
{S23}   mra dvaṅ cāñ ○ si thgāp ○ si kaṇ’as ○ si śrī [○] si ’amṛta ○ si dharmma○ si kañcyas ○ si taṅker ○ mra maḥ ○
{S24}   tai kaṇdhi ○ tai kanlot ○ tai kaṃvrau ○ tai kaṇso ○ tai saṃ’ap ○ taisubhādeva ○ tai saṃ’ap sot ○
{S25}   tai khmau ○ tai khsāy ○ tai raṃnoc ○ tai ka[ṃ]prvat ○ tai kaṃpit ○ taidaṃdip ○ tai kaṇ’as ○ tai kaṇhyaṅ ○
{S26}   thniṅ tai kañcāṇ ○ tai khnap ○ pattrakāra tai kaṇsyaṅ ○ dmuk varṣā taisurabhi ○ tai vraḥ prasāda ○ tai kanso ○
{S27}   tai prāṇa ○ tai saṃṛddhi ○ tai ○ phkā ○ tai kaṃpit ○ gaṅvāl ○ si taṅker○ chmāṃ chpār ○ si saṃ’ap ○ si kaṇ’ak ○ si phtal ○
{S28}   ’aṃraḥ ○ jaṅver ○ tai kaṇdhi ○ si thgap ○ tai kaṇ’ā ○ tai kaṇsrac ○ taikaṃbhāk ○ tai kansa ○ tai khmau ○ si kaṇ’ā ○
{S29}   si taṅku ○ tai sujāti ○ tai ratnaśrīya ○ tai kaṃvaḥ oy kaṃyār ○phsaṃm ’nak rṇṇoc 100 10 7 jaṃnvaṇ
{S30}   vrāhmaṇa ○ si muṇidāsa ○ vraḥ śāsana pre yājamāna kalpanā mimvāy’aṃraḥ ○ saṇtek je 1 liḥ 8 ○ lṅo liḥ
{S31}   5 ○ raṅvar mās 2 ○ taṇdula ta jā yajña sapp thṅā[y]thloṅ 2 ○ thuṇsantek hvap [○] jaṃmvuli ○ vadi ○ vadā
{S32}   phuri phurā ○ graleṅ ○ tila moda ○ kaṃpov ○ paramāṇa ○ kṣiradhamāya ○ rāya vaka ○ saṃṅor [○] neḥ to[y] rṇṇoc
{N1}   [s]iddhi ○ svāsti jaṃnvan chloñ vis nu tāñ steñ pañ nu tāñ steñ pit nu
{N2}   tāñ steñ rauv ta vraḥ kaṃmrateṅ ’añ śrī tribhuvanaikanātha ’āy
{N3}   jeṅ oṅ ○ si ’aṃmṛdubhāva trvac ○ si kaṃpiṅ grāmapāla ○ si thvas cāṃglaṅ ○ si ṇa
{N4}   rāya pek ○ si caṃhek cāp vṅe ○ si kansip mahāṇasa ○ si pavitramahāna
{N5}   sa ○ si kañjan mahānasa ○ taṃvey tai kaṃpañ ○ cañ si thgap ○ sikaṃvas ○ si thleṃ
{N6}   si tha’ek ○ pram tai kanrau ○ tai thmās rāṃ ○ tai tha’ek ○ tai kaṃvai ○tai chṅap ○ tai kan□ □ [○ tai] saṃ’ap ○ cāṃ
{N7}   glaṅ tai gandha ○ tai raṃnoc ○ tai sa’ap ○ tai pansvaṃ ○ tai kansrac ○tai kanses ○ tai
{N8}   tai kanteṅ ○ tai kantre ○ rmāṃ bhanni si cāpp ○ si ’aṅkāṃ ○ si kandeṅ○ toṅ si kan’āt ○ prāṅga
{N9}   dāsa ○ candravāra ○ dmuk varṣā ○ tai kaṃvet ○ tai kan’añ ○ tai dhara○ tai chne ○ tai kanso ○ tai kan
{N10}   nso so[t] ○ ’aṃraḥ si jīva ○ si kañces ○ tai kanso ○ tai saṃkau ○ taikañcu ○ ’aṃraḥ si thgot [○]
{N11}   si kañcu ○ si ’agat ○ tai kaṃprvat ○ tai chpoṅ ○ ’aṃraḥ si raṃnoc ○tai kaṃprvat ○ tai utpala ○
{N12}   tai paṇdau ○ ’aṃraḥ si kaṃpañ [○] si saṃ’ap ○ tai laṅgāya ○ taikaṃpit ○ tai prāṇa ○ neḥ sya
{N13}   ṅ ta thve sre pās diṅdeṅ ○ ’aṃraḥ si kanrau ○ si khñuṃ ○ si kañjā ○tai kañjaiy ○ tai ka
{N14}   njan ○ thve sre thpvoṅ tyak ○ ’aṃraḥ si khlāṅ ○ tai kaṃvai ○ taikaṃvai sot ○ thve sre pās diṅdeṅ ○
{N15}   ’aṃraḥ si panlas ○ si paṇdan ○ si kaṃvai ○ tai khmau ○ thve srepālayā ○ ’aṃraḥ si khnet ○ si kan’ak ○
{N16}   thve sre samādijana ○ chmā[ṃ]chpār ○ si kaṃvrā ○ si kanrau ○ sitaṅker ○ tai kañcān ○ tai kanhyaṅ ○
{N17}   tai duk vra[ḥ] vasana ○ tai thṅe ○ tai dharmma ○ tai kanso ○ taithnos ○ tai kañjir [○] ’me tai jvik ○ si saṃ
{N18}   vāra [○] si dharmma ○ si kanseṃ ○ ’aṃraḥ si mahendradāsa ○ sikaṃvut ○ si kaṃvai ○ si kaṃpañ ○ si ’amṛta ○ tai pandan ○
{N19}   thve sre thpoṅ tyak ○ si kaṃtrev ○ si caṃhek ○ si thge ○ si kañjos ○si daṃluḥ ○ si ’nāy ○ si thke ○ si ka
{N20}   n’i ○ si paṃnoḥ ○ tai kan’añ ○ tai chnāṅ ○ tai kanteṃ ○ tai pansvaṃ ○tai kansu ○ tai saṃ’ap ○ tai kalaṅ ○
{N21}   tai kanleṅ ○ tai kansaṃ ○ tai kañcu ○ tai kantṛp ○ tai tha’ek ○ taivrata ○ tai kansrac [○] tai ka
{N22}   pkep ○ tai khnop ○ tai kaṃvrau ○ tai kaṃprvat ○ tai kan’in ○ taikaṃpat ○ tai karmmadaya ○ tai ’nā
{N23}   y ○ tai kandeṅ ○ tai khdip ○ tai tavuy ○ tai khmau ○ tai saṃ’ap ○ taikanteṃ ○ tai paṃnoḥ [○] tai kaṃ
{N24}   prvat ○ tai chpoṅ ○ tai dharmma ○ tai kaṃpit ○ tai mandira ○ taigaṅgā ○ tai kan’u ○ tai kaṃpit ○ phsaṃ ’na
{N25}   k toy khnet 100 20 10 ○ kalpanā mimvāy’aṃraḥ ○ santek je 1 liḥ 8 ○lṅo liḥ 8 ○
{N26}   raṅvar mās 4 ○ vraḥ saṃvey sap thṅāy raṅko ta jā yajña ○ thloṅ 4 ○naṃ thun ○ santek hva
{N27}   p vadi ○ vadā ○ graleṅ ○ phuri ○ phurā ○ dhamāya ○ kaṃpau ○paramāna ○ kṣira [○] tila moda ○

{7}   gho kaṃvai | gho thg□ □ □ □n | tai jmas | tai ka □ □ [|]
{8}   tai kanteṃ | si □ □ □ [|] krapi 4 thmur 20 7
{9}   vvaṃ jā pi □ □ □ □ □ □ rājakāryya nuv neḥ dravya
{10}   man □ □ □ [kamra]teṅ ’añ ta roḥ neḥ vvaṃ jā pi
{11}   □ □ □ □ □ □ □ kamrateṅ ’añ noḥ khloñ viṣaya
{12}   □ □ □ □ □ □ □ neḥ dharmma neḥ | neḥ jaṃnvan khloñ ne □ [space]
{13}   □ u □ ce □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ [vra]ḥ kamra[teṅ ’añ] puṣkarāk[ṣa]
{16}   – – – – – – – – – – tai kaṃpur krapi dnyam 1 tam[r]yyadnyaṃ vyar cāṃpañcamī dvādaśī neḥ
{17}   gi jm[aḥ] dāsa tai kañcin
{18}   si sukhadāsa tra □ □ □ □ □ □ var nu □ ṇā pañja va ca
{19}   nmat 1

Inscription K.1 (site: Vằt Thlĕṅ, area: Châu Đốc) Śaka 6th-7th century = CE 578-777
(1)   vā ta śivadeva saṃ ta kurāk kandāy cap vā kandos 1 ku tai dau
(2)   jvan ta mratāñ kloñ jeṣṭhapura kāla kloñ bhavapura ‘atmaiy
(3)   ‘ācāryya īśānadatta dau ka dhāra ge ta mratāñ ge tel poñ
(4) kumāraśānti ta kloñ ge ptā ta ‘nak poñ pre ‘ācāryya īśāna-
(5)   -datta loḥ ge man supratiṣṭha vraḥ kamratāṅ ‘añ śrīśaṅka-
(6)   -ranārāyana poñ oy ge ta vraḥ vnāk nuḥ upakalpa mratāñ
(7)   kloñ bhavapura pre tāṅ spun tāṅ bho ‘ācāryya śilabhadra ‘mac
(8)   vnāk kanloṅ kurāk kandāy pras ni poñ śivadeva kanmoy kaṃton
(9)   poñ kumāraśānti paṅtiṅ kti mratāñ kloñ bhavapura pre mok
(10)   oy ge ta vraḥ kaṃmratāṅ ‘añ śrīśaṅkanārāyana ai cmoṅ
(11)  vā kandos 1 ku tai 1 kon ku vā jloy 1 ku juṅ tṅā 1 vā so 1 ku ‘antis 1 ku kaṃ’el
(12)   vā trok 1 vā jīva 1 ku dhuli 1 vā vinita 1
(13)   sre raloṅ ruṅ ‘aṃvi tṅai luc pu yoñ loḥ teṃ cikkan ‘aṃvi
(14)   ñaṅ travaṅ taṅ dallan loḥ tṅai luc travaṅ īśvarakumāra ti le kyel
(15)   gui raloṅ ver tṅai ket travaṅ taṅ dal man loḥ ta poñ pravara…..
(16)   ‘aṃvi teṃ saṅnāyana loḥ ta sre vraḥ kloñ vā candravira ‘aṃvi ..
(17)   …va taṅ dal ñaṅ plu loḥ travaṅ ver ñaṅ plu pi…..
(18)   … kyel guha loḥ travaṅ taṅ …..
(19)   travaṅ kvaḥ ‘añ sin loḥ travaṅ poñ vidyābhadra d…..
(20)   ai karoṃ kyel gui pāk raṃloṅ vera ple pi kañje …..
(21)   sre ai tel tṅai ket teṃ kadaṃ raloṅ piyy le kyel …..
(22)   sre ‘aṃvi teṃ ransi… pi sre man kloñ jleṅ lak ta vraḥ loḥ …..
(23)   kloñ gann loḥ travaṅ poñ śiladeva pramoy māss ‘aṃr…..
(24)   ‘aṃvi travaṅ va tvellan daṅ gui raloṅ kandinn ‘aṅ ..ṭnall saṃ lo…
(25)   ñaṅ gui sre kloñ ci mratāṅ tṅai ket gui kyoy tvākk daṃnuñ loḥ gui
(26)   ….ṇ sare 1…..

Five inscriptions in the Sinhalese script of about the sixth century are incised on a rock at the site of an ancient monastery at Galkäṭiyāgama, four miles south-west of Polpiṭigama, in the Hiriyāla Hatpattu, Kuruṇǟgala District. Each inscription refers to a named individual and states that he settled his debts and freed himself slavery. The inscriptions have been engraved close to each other, three of them on the left side of the inscribed area and two on the right.

This inscription is incised on a rock situated to the west of the ruined stupa at Mädagama Vihāra in the Tisāva Kōraḷē of the Kuruṇǟgala District. Another inscription (IN03181) is written on the same rock in an almost identical script. Both inscriptions deal with matters related to the freeing of slaves and can be dated on palaeographic grounds to the seventh century A.D.

This inscription is one of several incised on the steps leading to a ruined shrine near the reconstructed porch known as ‘the Stone Canopy’ or ‘Burrows’ Pavilion’ in the area of the Abhayagiri vihara at Anurādhapura. Eight of these inscriptions remain legible. On the basis of palaeographic evidence, they can be dated to the second half of the sixth century or the first half of the seventh century. They register grants of money by various individuals to the Abhayagiri-vihāra for the maintenance of slaves.