Polonnaruwa

Niśśaṇka-Malla’s Council Chamber, Polonnaruwa.

The inscription is engraved around four sides of the smoothed upper surface of a stone seat (āsana). It was found outside the ruin of king Niśśaṇka-Malla’s Council Chamber on the promontory overlooking the Tōpa-väva tank in Poḷonnaruva. Consisting of eight lines and dating from the reign of Niśśaṅka-Malla (1187-1196 A.D.), the inscription begins with a panegyrical account of the king’s munificence and some of his acts. This account is similar to that given in Niśśaṅka-Malla’s Dambulla inscription (IN03032) and in the Häṭa-dā-gē Portico slab (IN03078). The inscription then proceeds to state that the ‘lion-seat’ is the one on which His Majesty sat whenever he witnessed the musical performances in the Kāliṅga Park. It also asserts that the stone itself was brought for this purpose from Eṇ̆ḍera-galla, which Wickremasinghe identifies with the village Eṇ̆ḍēru-gala (7.915035, 80.679343), situated about five miles west of the famous rock-fortress Sīgiri and half a mile from Inamalawa on the Dambulla-Trincomalee high road. The exact locality of the Kāliṅga Park, mentioned in this inscription and reputedly formed by Niśśaṅka-Malla, is uncertain. However, if the original site of the present ‘lion-seat’ was somewhere near the spot outside the ruin of the ‘Council Chamber’ where it was unearthed, then the Park must have occupied open ground on the eastern side of the structure.

The Quadrangle (Dalada Maluwa), Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka

Detail of the Kalā-Krīḍā-Vinoda-Gal-Āsana at the Quadrangle (Dalada Maluwa), Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka

The inscription is engraved around four sides of the smoothed upper surface of an oblong stone seat (āsana), which stands near the north-east corner of the Piḷimagē (‘image-house’) in the group of ruins on the Tōpa-väva quadrangle (the Dalada Maluwa) in Polonnaruwa. According to H. C. P. Bell, the seat was brought from the shrine of Thūpārāma, where it had been improperly utilised as a flower altar. It is therefore not clear where exactly the seat originally stood. The inscription consists of four lines, beginning with a Sanskrit stanza. It records that king Niśśaṅka-Malla sat on this seat to witness the entertainments of various artists after he had returned from his campaign in India and had completed the restoration of Buddhist monuments in Ceylon. Niśśaṅka Malla reigned from 1187 to 1196 A.D. A slab-inscription at Ruvanväli-dāgaba (IN03077) states that Niśśaṅka Malla undertook the reparation of the dāgabas in Anurādhapura in the fourth year of his reign i.e. 1191-92 A.D. As the present inscription refers to this campaign of restoration, it must date from 1191 A.D. or later.

The Quadrangle (Dalada Maluwa), Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka

The inscription is engraved around four sides of the smoothed upper surface of a granite seat or āsana. In 1927, Wickremasinghe reported that the seat stood a few feet off the south-east corner of the site of a Piḷima-gē (‘image-house’) in the group of ruins on the Tōpa-väva quadrangle (the Dalada Maluwa) in Polonnaruwa. The inscription indicates the āsana as that on which king Niśśaṅka-Malla used to sit whenever he witnessed the dramatic and musical entertainments which were held in the Kāliṅga-vana after his return from his Ceylong tours and his Indian campaign. Niśśaṅka Malla reigned from 1187 to 1196 A.D. According to the Poḷonnaruva Häṭa-dā-gē Vestibule Wall Inscription (IN03079), Niśśaṅka Malla began his journeys around Ceylon in the second year of his reign i.e. 1188-89 A.D. As the present inscription refers to these journeys, it must date from after 1188 A.D.

The inscription is engraved on two sides of the upper portion of the shaft of a stone pillar. It was seen by Wickremasinghe in Archaeological Commissioner’s Office at Tōpaväva in Poḷonnaruva sometime before 1927, having been discovered by S. M. Burrows in 1885-6. The inscription consists of 12 lines and records that a pavilion called Niśśaṅka-dāna-maṇḍapa was constructed for the purpose of witnessing the great rejoicings of the beggars who had received alms from the king Niśśaṅka-Malla. It is therefore quite obvious that this inscription dates from the reign of Niśśaṅka-Malla (1187-1196 A.D.) and originally stood somewhere at the entrance to the Niśśaṅka-dāna-maṇḍapa. Burrows found the pillar-fragment in a ruined building, with massive pillars, abutting on the bund of Tōpa-väva tank in Poḷonnaruva and consequently identified this building as the Niśśaṅka-dāna-vinpoda-maṇḍapa (‘the pavilion for the past-time of Niśśaṅka-almsgiving’). This identification was confirmed in 1902 by H. C. P. Bell, whose excavations revealed that the building originally stood at the centre of quadrangular terraced platforms and had therefore been well suited for witnessing the distribution of alms.

Galpotha Inscription, Polonnaruwa.

Polonnaruwa. The Gal-pota (stone book), on the east side of the Heta-dágé; a single stone 28 feet long, 5 feet broad, and averaging 2 feet 5 inches in thickness, the upper face inscribed, and the sides and ends sculptured. Photographed by Joseph Lawton (d. 1872), active in Sri Lanka between 1866 and 1872. V&A 82702.

The inscription is engraved on an oblong slab, called gal-pota (‘stone-book’), which lies close to the eastern outer wall of the so-called Häṭa-dā-gē, ‘the Shrine of Sixty Relics’, at Poḷonnaruva. Consisting of seventy-two lines and more than 4,300 letters, the inscription is the longest known in Sri Lanka.  It was created during the reign of Niśśanka Malla (1187-1196 A.D.) but no specific date is given in the text. The contents of the inscription record the great actions of Niśśanka Malla. Wickremasinghe interprets the text as part of an broader political strategy in which the king commissioned numerous inscriptions extolling his good deeds in a bid to present himself as a sovereign who held his authority entirely for the good of the community, thereby winning the confidence of his subjects and securing his claim to the throne. Niśśanka Malla appears to have been the first Sri Lankan monarch to employ such a strategy. The galpota inscription contains an important exposition of his political theory of kingship.

The galpota is aligned north-south and measures more than eight metres long. It was raised on a brick podium sheltered by a canopy supported on ten pillars. Both sides and ends of the slab are ornamented by double bands of haṁsas moving from left to right. At the middle of each end is a seated figure of Lakṣmī holding flowers, upon which a pair of elephants pour water from a chatty. The surface of the slab is divided into three partitions, each of which contains a portion of the inscription, starting from the first line at the top left-hand (south-west) corner of the stone slab. These partitions are designed to be read separately. The third partition is damaged, rendering some parts of the inscription illegible. A postscript on the vertical face of the southern end of the slab tells us that this stone was brought for the special purpose of engraving the present record from Sǟgiriya (Mihintale) by the mighty men of Niśśaṅka-Malla. This would imply that the slab was transported upwards of eighty miles. However, Wickremasinghe and others have suggested that the stone was in fact sourced from Sigiriya, only 15 miles distant, rather than Sǟgiriya.